This list of information resources about image data integrity is neither exhaustive nor an endorsement of the content cited.
Guidelines
Rossner, M. and Yamada, K. (2004). What’s in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation: http://jcb.rupress.org/content/166/1/11.full
Rossner, M. (2006). How to Guard against image fraud. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/23749/title/How-to-Guard-Against-Image-Fraud/
North, A.J. (2006). Seeing is believing? A beginner’s guide to practical pitfalls in image acquisition. jcb.rupress.org/content/172/1/9.full
Nature Cell Biology Editorial (2006). Appreciating data: warts, wrinkles and all. http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v8/n3/pdf/ncb0306-203a.pdf
The University of Arizona, Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, Cellular Imaging Facility Core, Microscopy & Imaging Resources – Digital Image Ethics, Introduction to Image Editing Ethics. http://swehsc.pharmacy.arizona.edu/micro/digital-image-ethics
Annonio, M. (2008). Image manipulation and the editor: Tools to prevent unacceptable alterations. www.ismte.org/resource/resmgr/eon/image_manipulation.pdf
Cromey, D.W. (2010). Avoiding Twisted Pixels: Ethical Guidelines for the Appropriate Use and Manipulation of Scientific Digital Images (subscription required). http://www.springerlink.com/content/00311qw26613m261/?p=499e7ec2a1174fad863e7b597298edd4&pi=0
Johnson, J. (2012). Not seeing is not believing: improving the visibility of your fluorescence images. http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/23/5/754.full
Lang, T.A., Talerico, C., and Siontis, C.M. (2012). Documenting Clinical and Laboratory Images in Publications (subscription required). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369212603560
Martin, C. (2013). Manipulation and Misconduct in the Handling of Image Data. http://www.plantcell.org/content/25/9/3147.full
Miles, K. (2013). Integrity of science image data: issues and emerging standards. [Presentation at the Indiana University Bloomington, Light Microscopy Imaging Center, Image Processing and Analysis Workshop, May 22, 2013] . http://www.indiana.edu/~lmic/Workshops/Image%20Processing%20Workshop%20copy/IU-Bloomington2013.pdf
Cromey, D.W. (2014). Digital Images Are Data: And Should Be Treated as Such. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210356/#R31
Irazoqui, J. (2015). Responsible conduct of research. Data integrity and management. http://facultydevelopment.massgeneral.org/orcd/pdf/20150609RCRDataMgmt_presentation.pdf
Chaffin, W.L. (2016). What's wrong with this picture? http://www.depts.ttu.edu/ethics/docs/Chaffin_RCR_Conference.pdf
Kazlouskaya, V., Psomadakis, C., and Siegel, D.M. (2020) Submitting images for publication. In Photography in Clinical Medicine.
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-24544-3_38
Pines, J. (2020) Image integrity and standards. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200165
Miura, K. and Nørrelykke, S.F. (2021). Reproducible image handling and analysis. www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embj.2020105889
Sedgewick, J. Image Integrity Course Scientific Imaging Do’s and Don’ts. http://www.imagingandanalysis.com/pdf/Image_Integrity_Part1.pdf
Microscopy Society of America: MSA Policy on Digital Imaging. http://www.microscopy.org/resources/digital_imaging.cfm
Kroon, C. et al. (2022). Blind spots on western blots: a meta-research study highlighting opportunities to improve figures and methods reporting. bioRxiv PREPRINT. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.13.491761
Rossner, M. (2006). How to Guard against image fraud. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/23749/title/How-to-Guard-Against-Image-Fraud/
North, A.J. (2006). Seeing is believing? A beginner’s guide to practical pitfalls in image acquisition. jcb.rupress.org/content/172/1/9.full
Nature Cell Biology Editorial (2006). Appreciating data: warts, wrinkles and all. http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v8/n3/pdf/ncb0306-203a.pdf
The University of Arizona, Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, Cellular Imaging Facility Core, Microscopy & Imaging Resources – Digital Image Ethics, Introduction to Image Editing Ethics. http://swehsc.pharmacy.arizona.edu/micro/digital-image-ethics
Annonio, M. (2008). Image manipulation and the editor: Tools to prevent unacceptable alterations. www.ismte.org/resource/resmgr/eon/image_manipulation.pdf
Cromey, D.W. (2010). Avoiding Twisted Pixels: Ethical Guidelines for the Appropriate Use and Manipulation of Scientific Digital Images (subscription required). http://www.springerlink.com/content/00311qw26613m261/?p=499e7ec2a1174fad863e7b597298edd4&pi=0
Johnson, J. (2012). Not seeing is not believing: improving the visibility of your fluorescence images. http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/23/5/754.full
Lang, T.A., Talerico, C., and Siontis, C.M. (2012). Documenting Clinical and Laboratory Images in Publications (subscription required). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369212603560
Martin, C. (2013). Manipulation and Misconduct in the Handling of Image Data. http://www.plantcell.org/content/25/9/3147.full
Miles, K. (2013). Integrity of science image data: issues and emerging standards. [Presentation at the Indiana University Bloomington, Light Microscopy Imaging Center, Image Processing and Analysis Workshop, May 22, 2013] . http://www.indiana.edu/~lmic/Workshops/Image%20Processing%20Workshop%20copy/IU-Bloomington2013.pdf
Cromey, D.W. (2014). Digital Images Are Data: And Should Be Treated as Such. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210356/#R31
Irazoqui, J. (2015). Responsible conduct of research. Data integrity and management. http://facultydevelopment.massgeneral.org/orcd/pdf/20150609RCRDataMgmt_presentation.pdf
Chaffin, W.L. (2016). What's wrong with this picture? http://www.depts.ttu.edu/ethics/docs/Chaffin_RCR_Conference.pdf
Kazlouskaya, V., Psomadakis, C., and Siegel, D.M. (2020) Submitting images for publication. In Photography in Clinical Medicine.
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-24544-3_38
Pines, J. (2020) Image integrity and standards. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200165
Miura, K. and Nørrelykke, S.F. (2021). Reproducible image handling and analysis. www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embj.2020105889
Sedgewick, J. Image Integrity Course Scientific Imaging Do’s and Don’ts. http://www.imagingandanalysis.com/pdf/Image_Integrity_Part1.pdf
Microscopy Society of America: MSA Policy on Digital Imaging. http://www.microscopy.org/resources/digital_imaging.cfm
Kroon, C. et al. (2022). Blind spots on western blots: a meta-research study highlighting opportunities to improve figures and methods reporting. bioRxiv PREPRINT. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.13.491761
Image Screening By Journals
Rossner, M. (2002). Figure manipulation: assessing what is acceptable. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/158/7/1151.full
Neill, U. (2006). Stop misbehaving! http://www.jci.org/articles/view/28824/version/1
Shattil, S. (2007). A digital exam for hematologists. www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/6/2275
White, C. (2007). Software makes it easier for journals to spot image manipulation. https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7594/607.5
Abraham, E., Adler, K.B., Shapiro, S.D., Leff, A.R. (2008). The ATS Journals’ Policy on Image Manipulation. http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1165/rcmb.2008-0010ED
Frow, E.K. (2012). Drawing a line: Setting guidelines for digital image processing in scientific journal articles. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0306312712444303
Jernstedt, J. (2014). Trust and scientific publication. AJB policy for digital images.
http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/12/2019.full.pdf
Rallision, S. (2014). Publishing images: Is technology progressing faster than our ethics? https://www.physoc.org/magazine-articles/publishing-images-is-technology-progressing-faster-than-our-ethics/
Presentation by Ken Yamada, NIDCR, NIH, and Liz Williams, Journal of Cell Biology, at NIH Workshop on Reproducibility of Data Collection and Analysis. Modern Technologies in Cell Biology: Potentials and Pitfalls, November 24, 2014 (2:59:00 – 3:54:13 in the video): http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=15277&bhcp=1
Carniol, K. (2015). Common pitfalls in figure preparation: The scoop: http://www.cell.com/crosstalk/common-pitfalls-in-figure-preparation
Grens, K (2015). Widespread Data Duplication: http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43321/title/Widespread-Data-Duplication/
Journal of Cell Biology (2015). Everything you need to know about image screening at Rockefeller University Press in 10 posts: http://jcb-biowrites.rupress.org/2015/10/everything-you-need-to-know-about-image-screening-at-rockefeller-university-press-in-10-posts.html
Sweet, D. (2015). Checking out our figures: The scoop: http://www.cell.com/crosstalk/checking-out-our-figures
Van Noorden (2015). The image detective who roots out manuscript flaws. Jana Christopher discusses her job as a data integrity analyst at EMBO Press. http://www.nature.com/news/the-image-detective-who-roots-out-manuscript-flaws-1.17749
Bik, E.M., Casadevall, A., and Fang, F.C. (2016). The prevalence of inappropriate image duplication in biomedical research publications: http://mbio.asm.org/content/7/3/e00809-16.full
Buehl, J. (2016). Learning from the era when science met Photoshop: Toward an ethical rehtoric of the digital scientific image. In Assembling Arguments: Multimodal Rhetoric and Scientific Discourse. University of South Carolina Press. Columbia, SC. Chapter 12. https://www.sc.edu/uscpress/books/2015/7561.html
Hausmann, L. and Murphy, S.P. (2016). The challenges of scientific publishing, 60 years on. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jnc.13550/full
Chan, W.M. (2017). Taking a closer look: Screening of images. https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/77dd2808/taking-a-closer-look-screening-of-images
Grens, K. (2017). Journal cleans up image archive. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/journal-cleans-up-image-archives-31368
Hanna,K.E. (2018). Images in scientific publications under growing scrutiny. https://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/Spring_2018_vol25_no1.pdf
Christopher, J. (2018). Systematic fabrication of scientific images revealed. https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1873-3468.13201
Bik, E.M., Fang, F.C., Kullas, A.L., Davis, R.J., and Casadevall, A. (2018). Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience. https://mcb.asm.org/content/early/2018/07/18/MCB.00309-18
Bucci, E.M. (2018). Automatic detection of image manipulations in the biomedical literature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-018-0430-3
Keisling, T. (2019). The data detective. https://www.embo.org/news/articles/2019/the-data-detective.html
McCormick, C.D. and Sakabe, K. (2019). Ensuring the quality of data published in JBC is a team effort. http://www.jbc.org/content/294/12/4723.full
Williams, C.L., Casadevall, A., and Jackson, S. (2019). Figure errors, sloppy science, and fraud: keeping eyes on your data. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/128380
Byrne, J.A. and Christopher, J. (2020). Digital magic, or the dark arts of the 21st century—how can journals and peer reviewers detect manuscripts and publications from paper mills? https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/1873-3468.13747
Dalton, L. (2020). Data integrity specialist worked to keep published images honest at ASBMB. https://cen.acs.org/research-integrity/ethics/Data-integrity-specialist-worked-keep/98/i36
Jones, L. (2021). Publication Ethics: Barriers in Resolving Figure Concerns. https://asm.org/Articles/2021/March/Publication-Ethics-Barriers-in-Resolving-Figure-C
Heck, S., Bianchini, F., Souren, N.Y., Wilhelm, C., Ohl, Y., Plass, C. (2021). Fake data, paper mills, and their authors: The International Journal of Cancer reacts to this threat to scientific integrity. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.33604
Christopher, J. (2021). The raw truth about paper mills. https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14143
Christopher J. (2021). Expert Interview with Jana Christopher, M.A., Image Integrity Analyst. ukrio.org/research-integrity-resources/expert-interviews/jana-christopher-image-integrity-analyst/
Jackson, S., Williams, C.L., Collins, K.L., and McNally, E.M. (2022). Data we can trust. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/162884
Rossner, M. (2023). The Scholarly Kitchen Guest Post — Publishers Should Be Transparent About the Capabilities and Limitations of Software They Use to Detect Image Manipulation or Duplication. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/01/10/guest-post-publishers-should-be-transparent-about-the-capabilities-and-limitations-of-software-they-use-to-detect-image-manipulation-or-duplication/
Neill, U. (2006). Stop misbehaving! http://www.jci.org/articles/view/28824/version/1
Shattil, S. (2007). A digital exam for hematologists. www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/6/2275
White, C. (2007). Software makes it easier for journals to spot image manipulation. https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7594/607.5
Abraham, E., Adler, K.B., Shapiro, S.D., Leff, A.R. (2008). The ATS Journals’ Policy on Image Manipulation. http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1165/rcmb.2008-0010ED
Frow, E.K. (2012). Drawing a line: Setting guidelines for digital image processing in scientific journal articles. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0306312712444303
Jernstedt, J. (2014). Trust and scientific publication. AJB policy for digital images.
http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/12/2019.full.pdf
Rallision, S. (2014). Publishing images: Is technology progressing faster than our ethics? https://www.physoc.org/magazine-articles/publishing-images-is-technology-progressing-faster-than-our-ethics/
Presentation by Ken Yamada, NIDCR, NIH, and Liz Williams, Journal of Cell Biology, at NIH Workshop on Reproducibility of Data Collection and Analysis. Modern Technologies in Cell Biology: Potentials and Pitfalls, November 24, 2014 (2:59:00 – 3:54:13 in the video): http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=15277&bhcp=1
Carniol, K. (2015). Common pitfalls in figure preparation: The scoop: http://www.cell.com/crosstalk/common-pitfalls-in-figure-preparation
Grens, K (2015). Widespread Data Duplication: http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43321/title/Widespread-Data-Duplication/
Journal of Cell Biology (2015). Everything you need to know about image screening at Rockefeller University Press in 10 posts: http://jcb-biowrites.rupress.org/2015/10/everything-you-need-to-know-about-image-screening-at-rockefeller-university-press-in-10-posts.html
Sweet, D. (2015). Checking out our figures: The scoop: http://www.cell.com/crosstalk/checking-out-our-figures
Van Noorden (2015). The image detective who roots out manuscript flaws. Jana Christopher discusses her job as a data integrity analyst at EMBO Press. http://www.nature.com/news/the-image-detective-who-roots-out-manuscript-flaws-1.17749
Bik, E.M., Casadevall, A., and Fang, F.C. (2016). The prevalence of inappropriate image duplication in biomedical research publications: http://mbio.asm.org/content/7/3/e00809-16.full
Buehl, J. (2016). Learning from the era when science met Photoshop: Toward an ethical rehtoric of the digital scientific image. In Assembling Arguments: Multimodal Rhetoric and Scientific Discourse. University of South Carolina Press. Columbia, SC. Chapter 12. https://www.sc.edu/uscpress/books/2015/7561.html
Hausmann, L. and Murphy, S.P. (2016). The challenges of scientific publishing, 60 years on. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jnc.13550/full
Chan, W.M. (2017). Taking a closer look: Screening of images. https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/77dd2808/taking-a-closer-look-screening-of-images
Grens, K. (2017). Journal cleans up image archive. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/journal-cleans-up-image-archives-31368
Hanna,K.E. (2018). Images in scientific publications under growing scrutiny. https://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/Spring_2018_vol25_no1.pdf
Christopher, J. (2018). Systematic fabrication of scientific images revealed. https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1873-3468.13201
Bik, E.M., Fang, F.C., Kullas, A.L., Davis, R.J., and Casadevall, A. (2018). Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience. https://mcb.asm.org/content/early/2018/07/18/MCB.00309-18
Bucci, E.M. (2018). Automatic detection of image manipulations in the biomedical literature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-018-0430-3
Keisling, T. (2019). The data detective. https://www.embo.org/news/articles/2019/the-data-detective.html
McCormick, C.D. and Sakabe, K. (2019). Ensuring the quality of data published in JBC is a team effort. http://www.jbc.org/content/294/12/4723.full
Williams, C.L., Casadevall, A., and Jackson, S. (2019). Figure errors, sloppy science, and fraud: keeping eyes on your data. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/128380
Byrne, J.A. and Christopher, J. (2020). Digital magic, or the dark arts of the 21st century—how can journals and peer reviewers detect manuscripts and publications from paper mills? https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/1873-3468.13747
Dalton, L. (2020). Data integrity specialist worked to keep published images honest at ASBMB. https://cen.acs.org/research-integrity/ethics/Data-integrity-specialist-worked-keep/98/i36
Jones, L. (2021). Publication Ethics: Barriers in Resolving Figure Concerns. https://asm.org/Articles/2021/March/Publication-Ethics-Barriers-in-Resolving-Figure-C
Heck, S., Bianchini, F., Souren, N.Y., Wilhelm, C., Ohl, Y., Plass, C. (2021). Fake data, paper mills, and their authors: The International Journal of Cancer reacts to this threat to scientific integrity. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.33604
Christopher, J. (2021). The raw truth about paper mills. https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14143
Christopher J. (2021). Expert Interview with Jana Christopher, M.A., Image Integrity Analyst. ukrio.org/research-integrity-resources/expert-interviews/jana-christopher-image-integrity-analyst/
Jackson, S., Williams, C.L., Collins, K.L., and McNally, E.M. (2022). Data we can trust. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/162884
Rossner, M. (2023). The Scholarly Kitchen Guest Post — Publishers Should Be Transparent About the Capabilities and Limitations of Software They Use to Detect Image Manipulation or Duplication. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/01/10/guest-post-publishers-should-be-transparent-about-the-capabilities-and-limitations-of-software-they-use-to-detect-image-manipulation-or-duplication/
Tools
The Office of Research Integrity – Forensic Tools: http://ori.hhs.gov/tools/
The Office of Research Integrity – "Forensic Images Samples" for the quick examination of scientific images: http://ori.hhs.gov/samples
The Office of Research Integrity – Online Learning Tool for Research Integrity and Image Processing: https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/RIandImages/default.html
Hany Farid - Articles on digital image forensics in Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/author/hany-farid/
Abbott, A. (2013). Nature News: Image search triggers Italian police probe. http://www.nature.com/news/image-search-triggers-italian-police-probe-1.14295
Newman, A. (2013). The art of detecting data and image manipulation. https://www.elsevier.com/editors-update/story/publishing-ethics/the-art-of-detecting-data-and-image-manipulation
Farid, H. (2017). How to detect faked photos. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/how-to-detect-faked-photos
Gibney, E. (2017). The scientist who spots fake videos. http://www.nature.com/news/the-scientist-who-spots-fake-videos-1.22784
Moreira, D. et al. and Delp, E. (2022). SILA: a system for scientific image analysis. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21535-3
Post-Publication Peer Review
General
Science Image Integrity: http://scienceimageintegrity.org/
Retraction Watch: http://retractionwatch.com
Anderson, C. (1994). Easy-to-alter digital images raise fears of tampering. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.8278802
Taubes, G. (1994). Technology for turning seeing into believing. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.8278803
Caelleigh, A. and Miles, K. (2010). Digital images in biomedicine: image integrity and data management. http://scienceimageintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Digital-Image-Data-Management.doc
Scientific Integrity in the Age of Photoshop (2011).
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_basic_biomedical_sciences/news_events/articles_and_stories/employment/2011_01_scientific_integrity.html
Beck, T.S. (2016). Shaping images: Scholarly perspectives on image manipulation. https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMXDQAAQBAJ&pg
Seadle, M. (2016). Quantifying Image Manipulation. In Quantifying Research Integrity. 75-102. https://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00743ED1V01Y201611ICR053
Nature Editorial (2017). Image doctoring must be halted. http://www.nature.com/news/image-doctoring-must-be-halted-1.22202
Williams, M., Curtis, M.J., Mullane, K. (2018). Research in the Biomedical Sciences. Transparent and Reproducible. ISBN: 978-0-12-804725-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=swNQCwAAQBAJ
Shute, R (2018). Scientific Data Doctoring: Could Blockchain Technology Help Stamp It Out? www.bio-itworld.com/2018/02/07/scientific-data-doctoring-could-blockchain-technology-help-stamp-it-out.aspx
Biagioli, M. (2019). Before and After Photoshop:Recursive Fraud in the Age of Digital Reproducibility. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anie.201908646
Abbott, A. (2019). The science institutions hiring integrity inspectors to vet their papers. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03529-w
Biagioli, M. (2020). Times of Fraud. https://www.cell.com/trends/chemistry/fulltext/S2589-5974(20)30044-7
Brocher, J. (2021). Seeing the Big Picture - Scientific Image Integrity under Inspection. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349521202_Seeing_the_Big_Picture_-_Scientific_Image_Integrity_under_Inspection
Else, H. and Van Noorden, R. (2021) The fight against fake-paper factories that churn out sham science. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00733-5
Retraction Watch: http://retractionwatch.com
Anderson, C. (1994). Easy-to-alter digital images raise fears of tampering. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.8278802
Taubes, G. (1994). Technology for turning seeing into believing. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.8278803
Caelleigh, A. and Miles, K. (2010). Digital images in biomedicine: image integrity and data management. http://scienceimageintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Digital-Image-Data-Management.doc
Scientific Integrity in the Age of Photoshop (2011).
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_basic_biomedical_sciences/news_events/articles_and_stories/employment/2011_01_scientific_integrity.html
Beck, T.S. (2016). Shaping images: Scholarly perspectives on image manipulation. https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMXDQAAQBAJ&pg
Seadle, M. (2016). Quantifying Image Manipulation. In Quantifying Research Integrity. 75-102. https://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00743ED1V01Y201611ICR053
Nature Editorial (2017). Image doctoring must be halted. http://www.nature.com/news/image-doctoring-must-be-halted-1.22202
Williams, M., Curtis, M.J., Mullane, K. (2018). Research in the Biomedical Sciences. Transparent and Reproducible. ISBN: 978-0-12-804725-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=swNQCwAAQBAJ
Shute, R (2018). Scientific Data Doctoring: Could Blockchain Technology Help Stamp It Out? www.bio-itworld.com/2018/02/07/scientific-data-doctoring-could-blockchain-technology-help-stamp-it-out.aspx
Biagioli, M. (2019). Before and After Photoshop:Recursive Fraud in the Age of Digital Reproducibility. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anie.201908646
Abbott, A. (2019). The science institutions hiring integrity inspectors to vet their papers. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03529-w
Biagioli, M. (2020). Times of Fraud. https://www.cell.com/trends/chemistry/fulltext/S2589-5974(20)30044-7
Brocher, J. (2021). Seeing the Big Picture - Scientific Image Integrity under Inspection. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349521202_Seeing_the_Big_Picture_-_Scientific_Image_Integrity_under_Inspection
Else, H. and Van Noorden, R. (2021) The fight against fake-paper factories that churn out sham science. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00733-5
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